5 Tips for Making Your Content Go Viral

by Constant Content The online commercial center is an incredibly serious one, and making content which can possibly wind up turning into a web sensation may appear to be especially testing. What anybody venturing into the universe of Internet showcasing necessities to acknowledge, be that as it may, is that it is web-based social networking, fueled by people in general, which offers you this potential. No business can stand to overlook this reality. What you eventually ought to look to accomplish with regards to making content for your blog or site is something that individuals find valuable or intriguing enough that they need to impart it to their companions. On the off chance that individuals like your substance enough, at that point they will share it, viably doing your publicizing for you. When this procedure happens, your substance has just made the initial phase in circulating around the web and being shared by others on informal organizations and gatherings the whole way across the net. The best part is that making extraordinary substance and causing it to circulate around the web doesn't need to cost you a thing! The accompanying investigates the five most significant components which can make your substance more well known than you at any point envisioned. 1 †Uniqueness While the facts might confirm that pretty much every possible subject has been expounded on schedule and time again on the Web, it isn't as hard as you may might suspect to adopt an alternate strategy regarding a matter and claim to an increasingly explicit crowd. Characterize your style in your composition to figure special substance which your crowd will appreciate perusing. Quality and creativity are significant both for your readers’ tolerance and for website streamlining. Give your perusers the feeling that they are passing up a major opportunity in the event that they don’t read your substance. 2 †Scannability The normal peruser riding the Web just expends about a fifth of the substance that they run over. Composing for the Web isn't care for composing for print, and keeping in mind that it may appear to be a disgrace that the greater part of your guests won’t really read your most recent blog entry in exactly the same words, individuals will in general have a limited ability to focus when survey content on the web. Recollect this when composing your substance, and make it effectively searchable by separating it into areas with subheadings so individuals may effortlessly select the specific data that they are searching for. 3 †Usefulness Making content which is helpful to somebody is an absolute necessity. Hands-on and useful data, for example, how-to articles, list-type articles and some other kind of enlightening or drawing recorded as a hard copy makes certain to get your readers’ eyes. On the off chance that your perusers can begin trying the data that you give them immediately, the substance has an a lot higher possibility of becoming famous online. This is correctly why how-to articles, for instance, are so mainstream. Simply consider how often individuals scan in Google for an answer or an instructional exercise or some likeness thereof. 4 †Consistency It requires some investment to develop compatibility and become an expert according to your crowd. You won’t have the option to accomplish this short-term, yet it will come in time. To get this going, you should keep up consistency by characterizing your style and adhering to what you know and what you appreciate. When your perusers begin to confide in you and appreciate seeing your substance all the time, they will become customary guests. They will likewise be considerably more prone to share your substance. Attempt to adhere to a genuinely ordinary calendar for making and refreshing your substance. 5 †Sharing Last, however absolutely not least, make it simple for individuals to share your substance. Most perusers are more averse to share your substance in the event that they need to sign into Facebook or some other web based life website and afterward physically reorder a connection into the status field. Make it as simple as feasible for them to share content by guaranteeing that online life catches are accessible at the base of each page. You don’t need to have catches for bunches of locales †simply the ones for well known administrations, for example, Facebook, Twitter and Google+ are normally satisfactory. Along these lines, your perusers can impart substance to only a few ticks. What different tips do you need to cause substance to turn into a web sensation? If you don't mind share your musings in the remarks.

DEATH Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Demise - Essay Example He does this as a motion of recognition, to ideally shield his sibling from concentrating on the negative parts of him being ceaselessly, and rather recall the affectionate occasions both of them had partaken in the vehicle. At the point when Henry at long last leaves, the vehicle is by all accounts the main soothing similarity for Lyman, of the occasions they had spent together. The pictures of a solid, glad Henry are typified in the soul of the red convertible, and these extraordinary recollections are what keep Lyman from diverging into distress. A portion of the unwinding and substance musings Lyman invokes are ones where they had no particular of goal, throughout the mid year when there were going in the vehicle. â€Å"We took off driving every one of the one summer,† and the story proceeds to show how glad and settled the two of them were, discovering spots in regions where they felt â€Å"so comfortable†, Henry is portrayed as feeling sufficiently calm to fall, â€Å"asleep with his arms tossed wide† (Erdrich 2002). Lyman keeps on getting a handle on onto these visual recollections he raises, fully expecting those equivalent affections for when his sibling will at long last re turn. The vehicle itself is the thing that represents the bond among them, even with a significant stretch of partition separating them. At long last, Henry gets back in the story yet it’s evident he has changed; things are simply not the equivalent. â€Å"Henry in light of the fact that calm and restless† (814). Frequently he separated himself and despite the fact that he was there, his psyche appeared to be elsewhere. It showed up war and the white keeps an eye on culture had negatively affected him and every one of that was there for him was offensiveness. This is clear in the story when, one night they all assemble around the supper table and previously, Henry has bit down into his lip so hard from dissatisfaction that he sits with blood spilling down his jaw, guessing how gravely he needed to be finished with American ways, in his psyche and in his life (817). This is agent

Blog Archive Beyond the MBA Classroom Take a Career Trek at HBS

Blog Archive Beyond the MBA Classroom Take a Career Trek at HBS When you select an MBA program, you are not just choosing your learning environment, but are also committing to becoming part of a community. Each Thursday, we offer a window into life “beyond the MBA classroom” at a top business school. Career Treks are an integral part of the Harvard Business School (HBS) culture and allow groups of students to network with governmental, corporate and nonprofit representatives in particular geographic areas. These optional trips take place during the fall and winter semesters as well as during the January break and range in length from two days to more than a week. Past treks have included trips to the Dominican Republic, Saudi Arabia and Japan as well as a WesTrek to the San Francisco Bay Area. In addition to attending alumni panels, meeting with government officials and visiting companies, participating students take time to relax, explore and simply enjoy their stay. Treks are particularly important for students looking for a job through personal connections and for those seeking employment with smaller, or foreign, organizations that may not be able to participate in traditional on-campus recruiting. Treks are organized by student clubs, often with the support of the school and corporate sponsorship of events, such as a lunch or happy hour. In a November 2011 entry on his personal blog, a first-year HBS student noted that attendance on the WesTrek grew from approximately 60 students in 2010 to roughly 200 students in 2011: “20% of the entire first-year class!” In 2011, students on the trek visited firms such as Facebook, Google and Sequoia. For in-depth descriptions of social and community activities at HBS and 15 other top MBA programs, check out the  mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet Beyond the MBA Classroom Harvard University (Harvard Business School)

Study on Customers Perceived Risk When Shopping Online

In this part of the literature review, definition and citations from the authors of the dependent and independent variables in the similar area of research are presented here. (essays, 2007) †¢ Purchase Intention: From (pan, 2007, p. 5)the author cited from (Engel, 1990)that defines â€Å"purchasing intention as a psychological process of decision-making†. The consumers who are motivated by the fulfillment of demands according to their experience and the environment, then after collecting a certain amount of information, they begin to compare and consider; and finally after comparison and decision, they make the decision on certain products. ïÆ'Ëœ Time saving: Time is considered as one of a factor that is related with intention to purchase in a shopping. Consumers have their own time, whether to shop or not from the internet. 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Impact of economic recession on British manufacturing - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2613 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Introduction Economy is the study of choice making by customers, business managers and government officials to attain their goals, given their scarce resources, in this era of globalization economy used to analyze real world development and productivity through interaction of buyers and sellers and cross border movement of goods, services, technology and capital. This movement caused by globalization and technology advancement in RD increased the number of MNE manufacturing which I am going to analyze in this assignment through PEST and strategic growth (Ansoff Matrix) in a case of British Manufacturing. Economic recession is slowdown of general economic activity over a period of time, this situation brings many effects in microeconomic and macroeconomic, as microeconomic deals with demand and supply and macroeconomic indicate variation in production as measured by gross domestic product (GDP)  [1]  , employment, investment spending, capacity utilisation, household incomes, business p rofit and inflation.  [2] . Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Impact of economic recession on British manufacturing" essay for you Create order Impact of economic recession People become jobless due to shut down of many firms Strong firms start getting down fall in profit data Creditors fail to pay Value of crucial merchandise increase rapidly No savings as people start to use their money for liquidity due to redundancy. Country gross domestic product data will start diminishing. Economic recession in British British, is the 6th largest country in the world in both Gross domestic product (GDP)  [3]  and Purchasing power parity (PPP)  [4]  , but due to many economic recession British face huge unemployment, GDP fell to 5.9% , most Banks reached stage of bankruptcy and affect many other sectors including investment firm. Multinational enterprise is a firm which has a worldwide approach to markets and production or a firm which operates in more than one county. (Daniels et al, 2009, pg 64) Advantages of Multinational enterprises It creates jobs and brings development through taxes. It improves BOP since they bring money to invest. It also acts as one of globalization motive through international integration of capital, technology, goods and people. Effect of MNEs to host country It creates unskilled labour and kills innovation through introduction of new technology Sometime they can have high influence to country economy and government operations as they operate in very large scales. Contribution of Multinational enterprises in British economy British economic growth depends in all sectors but secondary sector (Manufacturing) plays a vital role in British trade liberalization since colonial era, in this era of globalization British firms depends much on increasing investment (going global) be multinational enterprise and applying of new technology so as to be more innovative and cost efficiency. Example BLMC, Virgin, AstraZeneca, Vodafone and Tesco etc Diagram 1. Drivers of going global International Strategies Market Drivers ~ Similar customer needs ~ Global Customers ~ Transferable marketing Government Drivers ~ Trade policies ~ Technical Standards ~ Host government policies Competitive Drivers ~ Interdependence between countries ~ Competitors global strategies Johnson et al, pp. 297 Adapted from Yip (2003) Cost Drivers ~ Scale Economies ~ Country-specific differences ~ Favourable logistics Environment scans for British MNEs through PEST framework. PEST stands for Political, Economic, Social and Technological analysis which used to scan business environment through strategic management  [5]  so as to reduce uncertainty, minimise risk and deal with change. These variables are likely to influence organization demand, supply and its external costs. Diagram 2. Business environment scan Environmental Scan                /  External Analysis       Internal Analysis /                             Macroenvironment Microenvironment /    P.E.S.T. Political factor This is the major factor which affects MNEs operations in their foreign investment where by company has to focus on rules and regulations of the host countries. Also in British labour union has more power in all sectors but manufacturer are highly affected as their main stakeholders, to avoid these pressure group British MNEs continual to invest in labour intensive country like Africa, India and china. Taxation went down due to low productivity in recession period but European Union (EU) made a great contribution in British MNEs quick recover as is estimated to be the largest market accounting 23% of global sale, especially after further extension of EU zone. A new administrative rule was made to favour the members such as free trade flow and remove some of tariffs. As economy affect all sectors in the country, British economic recession of 2007-2008 played an immense role in changing political ruler (party in power) from Labour to Conservatives part, this also creates cha nge in investment, migration rules and business barrier (Hill, 2002) Economic factor Economic factor concern with demand, cost, prices and profits, one of the most influential elements on the economy is high unemployment levels, inflation and change in GDP. Economic recession which hit British so many times since 19th century made MNEs to suffer bankrupts and other firms were total close down, this is because firms are still highly dependent on local market as primary their primary source of growth and expansion example Tesco. Creditors failed to pay their loans which made banks to be in a danger of bankrupts like HSBC. In Recently recession of 2007-2008 British interest rate slash to 0.5%, GDP fell to 4.7%  [6]  and value of GBP fall all over the world which was major indicator of fall in country economy. Social factors The living standards of people dependent on wages and salaries are more affected by recessions than those who rely on fixed income or welfare benefit. The loss of a job in British create negative impact on the stability of families as people did not have money to support their families well being. Life standard of people change and moved toward one stop shopping, which drive chain of supermarket like Mark Spence, Tesco etc who are also manufacture to add value on their products and service through business mix. The type of goods and service demand by consumers is a function of their social conditioning and their consequent altitudes and beliefs. Consumers are becoming more aware of health issues, and their attitude towards foods are constantly changing, one example a Tesco which adapt product mix so as to accommodate an increase demand for organic product, the company was also the first to allow customer to pay in cheques and cash at the checkout. British improve Tax coll ection so as to finance government expenditure such as provision of credit to business or budget for social welfare, because by improving standard of living this will encourage citizen to work hard for economic development. Technology factors Rapidly growth in technology in this era of globalization helps British MNEs to run in low cost and increase flexibility. Invention of digital machines in western countries helped British MNEs to be more innovative like self check out machine in supermarkets example Tesco which speed up shopping process. Also due to high capital which firm spent in RD British MNEs benefit much in technology advancement as it creates new operation opportunities such as new marketing mix channel, new purchases environment e-business and low the cost of RD tools, where by firm can do primary feasibility study through e-data before do a survey in a target market. Example: Jaguar in e-business sees appendices 2 Environmental scanning helped British MNEs to face economic trend (world economic crunch and recession) by continual investment as well as shaping the future of their investment by identifying the elements of growth and expansion of their manufacturing industries. The direction of grow in British MNEs through Ansoff Matrix. In this era of globalization, every firm wants to grow and increase market share, operation tend to emphasize on developing corporate strategy which orient and push market objectives, but pushing market objective especially in foreign countries become a big dilemma due to economic recession and world political imbalance. In executing these strategies British MNEs has to identify a method which can make them analyze whether to continue with an existing mode or find a new one, this choice is considered with a combination of forecast in development of market and products in Ansoff matrix. Ansoff matrix is a four strategy alternatives which can be applied to any business so as to grow or expand market with its competitive advantage without changing the corporate strategy  [7]  , this mode was first introduced by Professor Igo Ansoff after quitting Lockheed Electronic as vice president and joining Carnegie University where he wrote a book called corporate strategy. Strategy which British MNEs can execute in a period of recession Market penetration This strategy can be more beneficially in period of recession where by firm had no enough fund to continual invest in a business. But firm can increase market share through competitive pricing strategies, advertising, sales promotion and perhaps more resource dedicate to personal selling example Kellogg Company attempted to sell more cornflake to existing consumers by advertising the idea of eating Kellogg cornflake at any time of the day Also due to financial crisis which cause many people to lose their job pricing strategy can increase customers by convincing existing customer to use more and attract non users of the product. Product development This strategy may require the development of new competencies and requires the business to develop modified products which can appeal to existing markets As British MNEs went through financial crisis in a period of recession this strategy can be more useful as firm can do minor change in existing product or develop a new one which will appeal the same market. The reasons that justify the use of this strategy includes:- To utilize the excess production capacity To counter competitive entry And maintain the company reputation as a product innovator and exploit new technology which will protect overall market share  [8]  . This strategy also moves the company into in to the market again and toward customer that are currently not being catered for. Example: In Automotive industry Ford Focus tended to replace Ford Escort. Market development This is when firm develop it market by move beyond its immediate customer by exporting goods to overseas market or selling to a new market segment. This strategy also can be usefully to British MNEs in a period of recession as firms can only adjust its operation and cooperate strategy by improve product dimension or packing, increase distribution channels or move to a new geographic example Tesco lunch Babys wear in Sweden. Will the benefit of new technology off set investment in RD for IB in an era of Globalization? It is true that benefit new technology can off set investment in RD due to the following resource. Globalization refer as integration of world economies through the reduction of barriers to the movement of trade, capital, technology and people.( John D.D, et al, pg 2009) This movement has high influence in social culture force which led to change in preference and altitude of customers towards quality and price of product due to this situation and huge capital which firm invest in RD example: UK-GlaxoSmithKline spent GBP 3,708m in pharmaceuticals biotechnology RD, firms decide to add new technology to counterbalance research and rapidly change in business. Also new technology had tremendous impact on International Business through development of new information technology whereby new market opportunities are now emerging through e-business which supports innovation and become the source of strategic advantage example current sales performance of Jaguar through e-busine ss.(Currimbhoy, 2004) In traditional firms production and sales was highly supported by RD but due to technical advances of internet and digital machinery firm improve production in competitive market and meet environment regulatory requirement in a short time through links system such as KM, CRM and ERPs New technology also improves distribution channels examples web shop, banner or linking and searching engine which speed up distribution and receive customer feedback quick. The development of new business information technology help firm to integrate their operation through usage computer software such as CAD,3Ds and 2Ds, these softwares provides firms with input- tools for the purpose of stream lining design process, drafting, documentation and manufacturing process which traditional was done after research. After this designing softwares also new technology assist firm in review their product performance before spending money in production through prototype and get f eedback from customers through company website. Regardless of all the benefit mentioned above new technology can also bring tough competition between firms due to economic integration and sharing of operation systems. Recommendation As world economy becomes more dynamic due to globalization this accelerate the technology advancement worldwide also many firms gets difficulty to hold on their competitive edge. British MNE has to increase efforts to develop means of collecting data globally in order to provide clear and more comprehensive, timely picture of RD for their investment abroad. New technology can be a crucial element in globalization but its implementation can be a slow process due to the following reasons:- As Technology frequently change, management is subjected to a dilemma whether to invest in new technology or not due to high capital which they will invest on it. It increases cost of operation in organizations for staffs re-training so they can have correlation with new system. It increases competition among firms due to the low production cost and effectively distribution channels. Appendices IMF data on economic recession Statistically, evidence of economic recession shown by IMF economist who states that global economic shows growth of three percent or less in four periods since 1985 (1990-1993, 1998, 2001-2002 and 2008-2009.  [9] Example of Technology factor for British Manufacture MNE Every factors has effect on its implementing example: Ford group in selling Jaguar car invest more in e-business and become source of strategic advantage (Currimbhoy, 2004) but as it create better supply chain control, development of this business side is very costly and the management have to choose between investing in jaguar brand uplifting or investing in future development of e- business and other operational improvement.  [10] https://ec.europa.eu/invest-in-research/pdf/download_en/report_international.pdf Reference and Bibliography Text Books Saleemi N.A, revised and update, 2008, Economics Simplified: introduction, Saleemi publications Ltd, Nairobi-Kenya. ISBN: 9966-28-982-8 Johnson G, et al, Fundamentals of strategy: Industries and sectors, Pearson education, first published 2009. ISBN: 978-0-273-71310-4 Daniel J.D, et al, 12th edition, 2009, International Business: environment and operations, Pearson, Prentice Hall, ISBN no. 978-0-13-500112-7. Manuafacturing in British, a survey of factors affecting growth and performance a councils account of the major positive and negative influence, Industry system research, 3rd edition, 2003 Website https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_agent, https://www.novinite.com/art/perfin/multinational_business_finance.html, last retrieve 2nd June 2010, at 3:46 pm https://www.ivoryresearch.com/sample3.php, last retrieve 28th May 2010, at 6:18 pm https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financetopics/recession/4321675/UK-recession-its-official-but-will-it-be-the-worst.html, last retrieve 10th July 2010, 10: 15 am https://www.ehow.com/how_4561854_overcome-recession-economic-collapse-government.html#ixzz0s3VDsD8x, last retrieve 16th June 2010, at 7:40 pm https://www.thefirstpost.co.uk/47376,news-comment,news-politics,british-manufacturing-a-success-story,2#ixzz0svFxMR11, last retrieve 3rd July 2010, at 4:05 pm https://www.universityessays.com/example-essays/marketing/tesco-marketing-strategy.php, last retrieve 16th July 2010, last retrieves 07:20 pm https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7677436.stm, last retrieve 15th July 2010, at 08:50 am https://ayushveda.com/blogs/bu siness/ansoff-matrix-business-expansion-strategies/, last retrieve 15th July 2010, at 06:43 pm https://ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/2008/02/ansoff-matrix-d.html July 20 2010, at 5:25 pm https://www.spiked-online.com/index.php/site/article/7018/ , last retrieve 22nd July 2010, 11:42 am https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_sector, last retrieve 25th July 2010, last retrieves 1:33 pm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_Kingdom, last retrieve 25th July 2010, last retrieves 4:02 pm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Economic_sectors_and_income.JPG, last retrieve 25th July 2010, last retrieves 4:47 pm https://www.coursework4you.co.uk/essays-and-dissertations/pest-analysis.php last retrieve 26th July 2010, last retrieves 5:20 pm https://www.coursework4you.co.uk/essays-and-dissertations/ansoff-analysis.php, 3rd august 2010, 8: 34 https://www.ivoryresearch.com/sample5.php, last retrieve, 25th July 2010, last retrieves 4:47 pm

Causes of Type I and II Diabetes Essay - 544 Words

Diabetes is a group of diseases caused by high blood glucose levels that come from deficiencies in the bodys ability to produce and use insulin. There are a few main causes of diabetes. There’s two types of diabetes: Type 1 and Type 2. In Type 1 diabetes the diagnosis is often made in children and young adults, and was formerly known as juvenile diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is where your body does not produce insulin at all. Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes. In type 2 diabetes your body does not use insulin appropriately, which is called insulin resistance. Data from the 2011 Diabetes Fact Sheet reports that among the 25.8 million children and adults in the United States, 8.3% of the population have diabetes. That is 18.8†¦show more content†¦Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes. In type 2 diabetes your body does not use insulin appropriately, which is called insulin resistance. Before being diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes your pancreas f irst makes an excess amount of insulin to make up for the improper use of insulin in your body. After it does that for quite some time, your pancreas will then give up and won’t be able to keep up with the levels in your body and thus won’t be able to maintain proper levels of the blood glucose in your body. When the body doesn’t use the glucose it makes as energy then the glucose stays inside of your blood, which can then cause more serious complications. There are a few main causes of diabetes. The first cause is the body’s inadequate production of insulin. The second cause, which is quite rare, is the production of insulin that is malfunctioning to the body. The third cause is the cells inability to sufficiently use the insulin for the body. All of these three causes results in being diagnosed with diabetes and hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia is when there is an excess amount of glucose in the bloodstream which ultimately causes diabetes. Hyperglycemia af fects the fat tissues and muscle cells which causes insulin resistance in a person’s body. Glucose helps with the proper functioning of the cells in the body and provides a person with energy. The insulin in a body helpsShow MoreRelatedDiabetes : A Serious Health Problem957 Words   |  4 PagesDiabetes affect millions of people worldwide, and it the most common cause of death in the United States in America. It is a condition where the pancreas produce little or no insulin and can affect at any age. Diabetes is a serious health problem that people tend to take lightly. The causes of diabetes are hereditary and environmental factors. Environmental factors that causes diabetes are cancer, smoking, chemical, toxics. 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Martin Luther King Jr Vs Malcolm x Essay Example For Students

Martin Luther King Jr Vs Malcolm x Essay Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X grew up in different environments. King was raised in a comfortable middle-class family where education was stressed. On the other hand, Malcolm X came from and underprivileged home. He was a self-taught man who received little schooling and rose to greatness on his own intelligence and determination. Martin Luther King was born into a family whose name in Atlanta was well established. Despite segregation, Martin Luther Kings parents ensured that their child was secure and happy. Malcolm X was born on May 19, 1925 and was raised in a completely different atmosphere than King, an atmosphere of fear and anger where the seeds of bitterness were planted. The burning of his house by the Klu Klux Klan resulted in the murder of his father. His mother later suffered a nervous breakdown and his family was split up. Joining the Nation of Islam, he started a career as a Muslim minister in 1952. He felt that blacks should abandon all hopes for integration and instead should separate themselves from the white Americans as much as possible. Malcolm X believed this should be achieved by any means necessary, even actions resorting in violence. Obviously these men had very different viewpoints on how the issue of integration should have been handled. I believe Dr. King had the right idea, even though he was pushed around a lot and thrown in jail. Malcolm X and his idea that violence can lead to happiness in the black American community I feel was the wrong way to go because, as history can show, violence never leads to anything ultimately good. Bibliography: .

Students Unrest in Institutions of Higher Learning Essay Example For Students

Students Unrest in Institutions of Higher Learning Essay UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA ( NSUKA ) RESEARCH PAPER AUTHOR: HENRY ONYEKACHI NWAPA TITLE: A SURVEY OF STUDENTS UNREST IN INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER LEARNING, CAUSES, EFFECTS, AND SOLUTIONS FACULTY: BUSINESS DEPARTMENT: MARKETING DATE: AUGUST 2010 SIGNATURE A SURVEY OF THE STUDENTS UNREST IN INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER LEARNING, CAUSES, EFFECTS, AND SOLUTIONS A RESEARCH PROJECT PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF BUSINESS, UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKA IN PARTIAL FUFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MARKETING BY HENRY ONYEKACHI NWAPA GSP- 101 DEPARTMENT OF MARKETING. AUGUST, 2010 II DEDICATION This work is dedicated to the God almighty, who is the giver of life, Who freely gives wisdom to all. Who inspired me all through this work. III ABSTRACT This study is aimed at looking into student’s unrest in institutions of higher learning, causes, effects and solutions. And the scope of this research is not focused on a particular institution, but a general over-view of all the institutions in NIGERIA The following three research questions form the bases of this investigation. (1) To what extent does the difficulty experienced by the students at school lead to student’s unrest? (2) To what extent does the activity of secret societies in the institutions of higher learning lead to student’s unrest? (3) To what extent does student’s protest of unwelcomed policies lead to student’s unrest? We will write a custom essay on Students Unrest in Institutions of Higher Learning specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The population of this research was drawn from students in various universities across the country. A mail questionnaire was designed to elicit information as answers to the above research questions. The replies to the questionnaire were analyzed using the simple mean and standard deviations. The results of the study as shown by the analytical method are as follows: (1) The difficulties experienced by students in the institutions led to students’ unrest. (2) The activities of secret societies in the institutions contributed greatly to students’ unrest. 3) Students protest of unwelcomed policies led to unrest. IV TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No Dedication and acknowledgement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ii Abstract †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ iii Table of conten ts †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ IV List of Tables†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. V CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1 1. 1 Background of the study †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1 1. 2 Statement of the problem†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 1. 3 Purpose of the study †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 1. 4 Significance of the study †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 1. 5 Scope of study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7 1. 6 Research question†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 8 2. 1 Definition of students’ unrest†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 8 2. 2 Difficulties experienced by students at school†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 9 2. 3 Activities of secret societies†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 10 2. 4 students protest unwelcomed policies†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12 2. 5 Summary of review†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 14 CHAPTER THREE EFFECTS, SOLUTIONS, CONCLUTION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 15 3. 1 Effects†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 15 3. Solutions †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 16 3. 3 Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 18 3. 4 References †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 19 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1. 1Background of the study Nigerian hig her educational institution is established with the aim of giving any student who enrolls, a very sound and qualitative education, to be able to function effectively in any environment in which he/she may find him/herself; so as to become more productive, self-fulfilling and attain self-actualization (Federal Government of Nigeria, 1981). Under the Nigerian Policy on Education of 1977, revised in 1981, higher education aims at: (a) The acquisition development and inculcation of the proper value – orientation for the Survival of the individual and society; (b) The development of the intellectual capacities of individuals to understand and appreciate their environments; (c) The acquisition of both physical and intellectual skills which will enable individuals to develop into careful members of the community; and (d) The acquisition of an objective view of the local and external environment (Fafunwa, 1991). Specifically, Nigerian universities are expected to pursue the above mentioned goals through: (i) Teaching, (ii) research, (iii) dissemination of Existing and new information (especially through publication); and (iv) the pursuit of service to the community and being a store house of knowledge (Fafunwa, 1991; Federal Government of Nigeria, 1981). The above mentioned objectives were formulated because education in Nigeria during the colonial era was tailored to meet the demand of the colonial masters. Most of the educated elites were trained to become civil servants, teachers, and preachers. Though there were skilled professionals like engineers, lawyers, and doctors, these had there training abroad. So, skilled manpower were lacking in the Country at independence. To mitigate this anomaly, Nigeria had to embark o Importation of skilled manpower needed for her economic construction while, at the same time, she sponsored students to study abroad to gain the required skills. The government also undertook the provision of higher institutions to complement those studying abroad. Nigeria depended solely on petroleum export, at the mercy of fluctuating price on the world market. So the provision of free education up to university level became A substantial drain on her economy resulting in a high cost of living and a fall in standard of living. It was therefore no wonder to find Nigerians at the tax-payers’ expense deciding to live and work abroad instead of returning home to hel p in their countries’ development. Despite the above stipulations, research (i. e. Akinade, 1993; Aluede and Aluede 1999; Aluede, 2000; Ehiametalor, 1979; Nwokwule, 1992; Tawari, 1986; Yalokwu, 1992) Does indicate that many of Nigerian universities are finding it increasingly difficult to achieve the highlighted goals because of the many attendant problems that they are made to face. These difficulties are largely due to the problems which students who enroll these institutions either face or cause irrespective of their home backgrounds (Tawari, 1986). These problems make students’ life within and outside Nigerian university campuses, frequently a traumatic experience; which is the major reason why tudents of various Nigerian university campuses frequently demand an overhaul of the entire system (Tawari, 1986) Today, in Nigeria, students’ militancy in the Nigerian universities has come to be recognized as one of the most visible perennial problems of significanc e When compared with other social vices in Nigeria university campuses like campus cult activities, cases of examination malpractices, And drug abuse and addiction. Such that in the history of Nigeria, no group has established itself more in terms in frequency and intensity of such violent incidents as the student population. Hence, unrest is proving to be one of the most ubiquitous single factors characterizing these members of the society (Nwokwule, 1992). In Nigeria, cases of student unrest were reported as far back as 1945. Ezera 1960 (as cited in Onwuejeogwu, 1991) posits that between 1940 and 1945, the West Africa Students Union (WASU) had agitated in pamphlets and public lectures for Political reforms in all British West African territories. In doing so, they aroused 2 Fairly enthusiastic audience of the British public opinion in favour of Africa freedom. Similarly, Ajuluchukwu 1962 (as cited in Onwuejeogwu, 1991) note that from the inception, the National Union of Nigerian Students (NUNS) embarked upon deliberate campaigns of fostering national consciousness and inspiring a strong sense of militancy in the Nigerian people’s liberation struggle (Aluede, 1995; Babatope, 1974). Babatope (1974) and Onwuejeogwu (1991) note that the students’ union was born and nurtured in the womb of colonial protest. Hence student unionism was more of a protest union rather than student union, which was aimed at far reaching changes in the society. One incident of student unrest in 1960 was essentially due to students’ dissatisfaction with government insensitivity to national issues, and its inability to address them appropriately. Nigerian students aware of the British government’s intention to establish a military base in Nigeria and by so doing perpetuate a neo-colonial state, decided to stage a protest against the proposed Anglo-Nigerian Defense pact in Lagos on November 14, 1960. Another incident was students’ dissatisfaction with newly introduced educational policies. Before independence, only mature students were admitted into the few existing tertiary institutions. Although, they paid minimal fees, their clothes, including bedding was laundered at government expense. At independence, and thereafter, there occurred an explosion in student population and proliferation of higher education, which brought in its train a teeming population of adolescents (Ehiametalor, 1979). Added to this, was the withdrawal of tuition fees in all tertiary institutions in Nigeria. This act of the government led to the 1978 student crisis â€Å"Ali Must Go†. Since these events, students have used several opportunities to express their grievances. Table 1 below indicates a very brief sketch of the prevalence of student unrest in Nigeria. It is evident from the table1, that protest and unrest are regular features in Nigerian tertiary institutions. 3 Year Institutions stated causes of unrest Consequences 1981 Ahmadu Bello Religion and against Vice- Student died and Vice-Chancellor dismissed. University, Zaria Chancellor over alleged Rice deal 984 Many Nigerian Proposed introduction of Many Universities were closed down for Tertiary institutions tuition fees and the scrapping months of catering services 1986 Many Universities High handedness of the Most Universities in Nigeria were closed In Nigeria Vice-Chancellor of Ahmadu down for months. While several students Bello University, Zaria were expelled. 988 Many Nigerian Removal of subsidy from many schools were closed for a period of Universities petroleum and allied products Six months. 198 9 Several schools Introduction of Structural Improved conditions of service for workers In many parts of Adjustment Program closure of several institution for about six Nigeria (SAP) by the military months. Government Many students lost their lives during the protest as a result of open shooting by Police/Army 1992 Many Universities Deregulations of Nigerian Several students died, workers’ conditions In Nigeria currency and mounting of service were improved, while several Hardship schools were closed for months 1998 Ambrose Alli Uni. Cult Activities Violent leading to the death many students Ekpoma, Nigeria 2003 Many universities increase in the prices of Peaceful in some campuses violent in others In Nigeria petroleum products The intent of this paper is threefold: (a) to state the issues that had in the past Precipitated student unrest in Nigeria; (b) the effects (c) and to proffer solutions 1. 2Statement of the problem Students’ unrest in institutions of higher learning had perturbed the minds of Educational administrators, parents, and governments. Nigerian experience had been so much that it had been termed ‘an annual event’. As the national concord (1990) reports 4 When the federal military government reopened the higher institutions That had been shut in the wake of the last May’s anti-S. A. P riot, the Publics expectations was that these institutions would settle down to Orderly academic work, in a climate of peace and tranquility. As so much of Precious irretrievable time had already been lost to last year’s long spell of Closure, it was only expected that both students and the authorities would, Therefore, work out a mode of orderliness and cooperation on campuses, to Avert any further disruptions. Regrettably, however that expectation has not Been realized. Over the last few weeks, a growing number of the nation’s Higher institutions have been shut for various reasons. Only last week, just as The Ahmedu Bello and Obafemi Awolowo universities were announcing Their new resumption dates, students of the University of Port Harcourt in River states were again sent packing from their campuses. The picture emerging is that nation’s students are now constantly on the move, moving into their campuses one day, and moving out the next. Even at the huge expense students, parents, guardians, who not only have to pay unbudgeted transport cost but also suffer grave anxiety each time the schools are closed down. It also cost thousands of students a lot as they now have to make do with haphazard emergency exterminations. Finally, the nation the brunt of the whole thing as she now annually delivers thousands of poorly-taught, half-baked graduates. This situation of affair must not be allow to continue, for it will drag educational development in particular as well as the entire development of the nation to the mud. The main problem facing this study therefore is finding out the causes of students unrest in institutions of higher learning, the effects, and olutions, and recommend ways of preventing future occurrences, for as Onanuga (1987:11) put it The trend is worrying. It must not be allowed to continue The image of the higher schools needs an urgent redemption. The university’s tradition as a place of excellence must not Die. If it does, our society dies with it. 5 1. 3 Purpose of study Students’ unrest has become a recurrent event in educational establishments all over the wo rld. It has become an annual problem in Nigeria. .udd4f0ab30bf26280aac3f3d8a116a5b4 , .udd4f0ab30bf26280aac3f3d8a116a5b4 .postImageUrl , .udd4f0ab30bf26280aac3f3d8a116a5b4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udd4f0ab30bf26280aac3f3d8a116a5b4 , .udd4f0ab30bf26280aac3f3d8a116a5b4:hover , .udd4f0ab30bf26280aac3f3d8a116a5b4:visited , .udd4f0ab30bf26280aac3f3d8a116a5b4:active { border:0!important; } .udd4f0ab30bf26280aac3f3d8a116a5b4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udd4f0ab30bf26280aac3f3d8a116a5b4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udd4f0ab30bf26280aac3f3d8a116a5b4:active , .udd4f0ab30bf26280aac3f3d8a116a5b4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udd4f0ab30bf26280aac3f3d8a116a5b4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udd4f0ab30bf26280aac3f3d8a116a5b4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udd4f0ab30bf26280aac3f3d8a116a5b4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udd4f0ab30bf26280aac3f3d8a116a5b4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udd4f0ab30bf26280aac3f3d8a116a5b4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udd4f0ab30bf26280aac3f3d8a116a5b4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udd4f0ab30bf26280aac3f3d8a116a5b4 .udd4f0ab30bf26280aac3f3d8a116a5b4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udd4f0ab30bf26280aac3f3d8a116a5b4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Essay On Symbolism In The Great GatsbyThe riot of 1989 termed, â€Å"SAP RIOT† which involved higher institutions in the country was so disastrous that the country and the citizens were highly alarmed. The riot took a very dangerous trend. It was the most disastrous of all the riots that had ever occurred in the country. The rioters went to the extent of releasing prisoners, setting government vehicles and building ablaze. Many lives and property were lost. This act of indiscipline Brings untold hardship to the government, the institutions, and the parents who are often asked to pay for the damaged property. This study, therefore is aimed at finding out the cause of students unrest in institutions of higher learning, effects, and recommendation of possible way’s of preventing future occurrences, 1. 3Significance of the study Unrest is not conducive to teaching and learning. As has been established earlier, a lot of damages are being done to life and property. If the situation is not checked, education, society and future generation will be badly affected. The result of the study should of necessity be directed to the government and educational institutions for use, with a view to reducing the incidence of tudents’ of unrest. The government, students, society, and staff shall definitely benefit if factors that cause students’ unrest are identified and well handled. Students will then study under peaceful atmosphere. The staff will be free to carry out their work without fear of molestation and interruption. Government and parents will justify their huge expenses on ed ucation and also parents would be saved the problem of being asked to pay for damages being caused by their wards. 6 1. 4Scope of the study The study was aimed at finding out the cause of student’s unrest in institution of higher learning. The researcher examined the extent to which the factors below caused students’ unrest in institutions of higher learning. The factors are: 1. Difficulties experienced by students at school. 2. Activities of secret society in the higher institutions. 3. Students’ protest unwelcomed policies 1. 5Research Questions For effective study, the researchers posed the following research questions to guide the study. 1. To what extent does the difficulty experienced by the students at school lead to student’s unrest? 2. To what extent does the activity of secret society in institutions of higher learning lead to student’s unrest? . To what extent does student’s protest of unwelcomed policies lead to student’s unrest? 7 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 0 Introduction The researcher consulted a few libraries. In these sources, much literature dealing directly on the subject was found and so the researcher organized the review under the following sub-headi ngs. 1. Definition of students’ unrest 2. Difficulties experienced by students at school 3. Activities of secret society in higher institutions 4. Students protest unwelcomed policies . External factors 6. Summary of review. 2. 1 Definition of students’ unrest The term ‘students’ unrest’ connotes a feeling of dissatisfaction by the students either with the authority of the general conditions of the student’s body. This dissatisfaction is usually manifested in such overt behavior as boycott of lectures, refusal to take part in examinations, meals or part in sporting activities, demonstration, riots, and strikes. It sometimes takes the form of frivolous outburst, football riots, pantry raids and faddish activities. It can be an open manifestation of conflicts between the student body and the school authority and/or between the student’s body on the one hand and the government on the other. Oloko (1981: 3) defined the term ‘students’ unrest’ as A situation in which students in secondary or other higher Institutions resort to the use of or threat of use of violence Against persons or properties in their attempt to resolve any Issue of conflict of interest they may have with other people In their own interest. These other people may be other students, Staff or the administrators on one hand or public authorities, National or foreign on the other. 8 Students’ unrest in our institutions is a big social problem for it affects our society in general. As a societal problem, it is very necessary for everybody in the society with it. This goes to explain why there has been a lot of newspaper articles and radio broadcast on students’ unrest from day to day. Sanya (1981:3) commenting on the issue said, â€Å"Nigeria was rocked almost to its foundation by waves of students’ unrest in 1970 to 1980 decade†¦ . 2 Difficulties experienced by students at school Students react violently when they are deprived of certain pleasure and when they face frustrating situations. Yusuf, the pro-chancellor of the university of the university of illorin (1989:8) commenting on the standard of living of most of the students said Most of our students are living far below the poverty Datum line , and a truly hungry man or woman, Particularly an adolescent, tends neither not to care About GOD or country. Poor sanitary conditions in the institutions also lead to student’ unrest as was indicated in the Nigerian mirror (1990:2) Official activities were paralyzed for more than three Hours in Ado-ekiti local Government secretariat on Wednesday as students of ondo state university, Ado- Ekiti besieged the secretariat protesting the poor sanitary Conditions of their satellite hostel†¦. These students also complained about their water pipes that are damaged. Before the students’ riot at the university of Nigeria, Nsuka on 17th of February 1981, the students wrote the Vice-chancellor of the university telling him of all 9 Their problems which ranged from poor sanitary conditions of hostels, lack of toilet rolls, beddings-pillow, bed-sheets and pillow cases, seats, blackout at toilet ends, dangerous obstructions with beds, mattresses and lockers in hostel veranders, no common rooms in some halls. Lack of classrooms laboratory and library accommodations, poor catering services, poor quality and quantity of food, poor service. They also complained about the accounts department. They urged that those in that department be made to do their work promptly to alleviate the problem encountered by students. They also complained about scarcity of drugs at the medical centre and also absence of doctors there. These students equally requested that those in the works department should sit up and mend the facilities that are damaged in the campus and also finish up the work at the students’ centre. The students equally demanded for the removal of the Dean of student whom they alleged do not represent their interest and is the cause of their suffering as he failed to represent them well before the authorities. They issued an ultimatum that if their problems are not solved by the 16th of February that they will endure the situation no more. The letter to the Vice-chancellor was dated 9th February 1981. The students of the university started demonstrations on the 17th of February 1981 after the expiration of the ultimatum and nothing visible to them was done. 2. 3 Activities of secret societies in higher institutions Secret societies as Sunday best (1990:7) defined it as groups or organizations characterized by the use of secret initiation and other rituals, oaths and signs or recognition between members. According to it (Sunday best) the first rule and cardinal obligation of a member of most secret societies is the maintenance of absolute secrecy both of his or her identity, those of fellow members and of the activities of the society. 10 In an answer to the question on why secret societies exist on campuses; the Sunday best (1990:7) said that It is first of all a carry-over from society at large. It went on to explain that some of the secret societies In the campuses are branches, so to say of parent Societies outside the campus. It gave examples with Such societies, the pyrates, the Eckanker and other Popular fraternities known and existing in the larger Society which are found on the campuses. According to the Sunday best, some of these campus societies are quite independent of outside parent societies, merely copings of them while some are directly sponsored and financed by parent societies outside the campus. They have various callings and objectives. Among the secret societies that originate on the campuses are the more sinister and violence-oriented ones that are really the cause of rumpus in the campuses. Their usual method as the Sunday best said, is intimidation and harassment of non-initiate students and staff with the objective of instilling fear and submission in them, thereby enthroning their authority to be law unto themselves and hence achieve their selfish ends. These ends, according to the Sunday best, could range from passing an examination, satisfying sexual esires, attracting financial support or even resisting sabotaging college policies and regulations. Talking more on the activities of the societies, the Sunday best said that members of such organizations could walk into bar and order non-member to leave or else force them to buy drinks for them. A member could order a female student to sexual intercourse or more appropriately, rape her without as much as the girl or madam daring to make noise in the form of off icial report, as such action could mean much more bitter chastisement and harassment for her. The secret societies sometimes engage each other in bloody fights as a result of rivalry and clash of interest. The incident at the University of Nigeria a few years ago in which one student was killed and two other seriously wounded by unknown people gives an insight to the activities of these secret cults, for the following day as Usen (1990:14) reported 11 A vicious cult gang which called itself the Ever-ready-souls of the Concern, claimed responsibility for the bloodbath. In the statement Issued on a piece of paper, smeared with blood, the gang, better Identified as the Buccaneers, said its midnight attack was a Revenge against â€Å"acts of terrorism† by another underground Campus cult called the pyrates. It warned the pyrates and other Members of the university community to be ready to shed more Blood and lives anytime from now. One can then imagine the kind of teaching and learning that take place under this condition. This situation is not peculiar to university of Nigeria, Nsuka; these activities occur in higher institutions in the country. Students are even more distraught, said I. M. Onuoha, student union leader of ASUTECH as Usen reports. He said: The whole thing is getting out of hand. The (campus cult) Have become so heartless and callous that students no Longer feel safe to pursue learning under an ideal, happy And healthy environment. Commenting on the issue, Mike Ibekwe (1991:5) said â€Å"if secret cults exist in our educational institutions, it is goodbye to the education of the nation. 2. 5 Student protest unwelcomed policies During Babangida’s regime, students protested because of S. A. P and the way government officials behave. The sap pains were not evenly distributed as the nation continues to witness an uninterrupted flow of V-boot Mercedes; the lip-service paid to the curtailment of extravagant perquisites by senior government officials, the high level sharing of prime la nd, the booming luxury apartment when the entire populace is suffering led to the students’ unrest in 1989. 12 According to Omuabor and Co’s 91989:22) account; The nation began to witness the SAP rebellion. University Of Benin was the start-off point of the protest†¦ the students Marched out with mock coffin, headed for the government house, Benin crying â€Å"SAP must go†, â€Å"We are dying of hunger in the name of SAP, â€Å"and Babangida must go† In 1978 during Obasanjo’s regime students protested the astronomical increase in food prices in universities. They blamed government policies on education on Ahmadu Ali, a colonel and commissioner for education, and demanded his immediate removal. ALI must go†, they said. In the spreading violence more than six students were killed in clash with police. Students’ unrest are caused by the attitudes of those in power who look on students as rabble-rousers, lay-about and misguided lots. According to Obanigba (1988:13) When students in Apartheid South Africa go on protest, They are quickly hailed as patriots who are fighting for Their future†¦ But when Nigeria students protest against The implementation of the I. .u189040c8ae7c8e5a3c3ae4517f31e273 , .u189040c8ae7c8e5a3c3ae4517f31e273 .postImageUrl , .u189040c8ae7c8e5a3c3ae4517f31e273 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u189040c8ae7c8e5a3c3ae4517f31e273 , .u189040c8ae7c8e5a3c3ae4517f31e273:hover , .u189040c8ae7c8e5a3c3ae4517f31e273:visited , .u189040c8ae7c8e5a3c3ae4517f31e273:active { border:0!important; } .u189040c8ae7c8e5a3c3ae4517f31e273 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u189040c8ae7c8e5a3c3ae4517f31e273 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u189040c8ae7c8e5a3c3ae4517f31e273:active , .u189040c8ae7c8e5a3c3ae4517f31e273:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u189040c8ae7c8e5a3c3ae4517f31e273 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u189040c8ae7c8e5a3c3ae4517f31e273 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u189040c8ae7c8e5a3c3ae4517f31e273 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u189040c8ae7c8e5a3c3ae4517f31e273 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u189040c8ae7c8e5a3c3ae4517f31e273:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u189040c8ae7c8e5a3c3ae4517f31e273 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u189040c8ae7c8e5a3c3ae4517f31e273 .u189040c8ae7c8e5a3c3ae4517f31e273-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u189040c8ae7c8e5a3c3ae4517f31e273:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Chapter 11 EssayM. F-sponsored economic policies As subsidy removal, they are dubbed unpatriotic. This should Not be so. Students are too patriotic to sit still and watch while Their future is mortgaged†¦ students in this country have always Borne the brunt of our leaders’ painlessness†¦. Students’ unrest are at times caused by students’ solidarity in support of their fellow students or lecturer whom they feel are being victimized by the government or the school authorities. For instance, after the April 1988 demonstration against the removal of petroleum subsidy which started at the university of Jos, the federal government closed down the school that participated and went on to shower those that did not participate with gifts but the gifts were turned down by the students who felt that the government wants to bribe them and break their solidarity. As Elumunor and co. 91988:9) put it The federal government made a dramatic gift of three buses To Ahmadu Bello university (ABU), Zaria and two to the University of Benin (UNIBEN), as â€Å"a mark of gratitude from the 13 Government for their maturity in not joining their colleagues Else where in demonstrating against the hike in petroleum Product prices†. In a swift move, the students of both Universities turned down the vehicle offers; the UNIBEN students Described the gift as â€Å"a bribe too stinking for our dignity† and went Ahead to demand the very things for which students else where Went on strike- the restoration of oil subsidy, release of detained Student’s leaders and the immediate reopening of the closed Schools. A. B. U students followed suit saying the gesture was a â€Å"Bribe,†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ â€Å"An attempt to break the unity and solidarity among Students and to set the working masses and the general populace Against us†. 2. 8 Summary of Review The review shows that the following factors contribute to students’ unrest in institutions of higher learning: 1. Difficulty experienced by students in the institutions. 2. Activities of secret societies in the institution 3. Students protest unwelcomed policies. 4 CHAPTER THREE EFFECTS,SOLUTION,CONCLUTION EFFECTS As we can see, students’ unrest is highly counter-productive to education. Education ought to take place in a conducive atmosphere free from bitterness and rancor. The issue of closing down the institutions now and then because of students’ unrest does not benefit either the students or the society. It rather results to the production of half-baked graduates for most of the times courses and exterminations are rushe d in order to meet up with time. The effect of the above action is often very costly and shameful. Many lives and property are lost during these unrests. Many parents and teachers are demoralized. Even some innocent students get disenchanted with the school system. The school authorities are also highly affected since they have to contend with an unhappy environment full of bitterness. The lecturer and others in the campus often live in fear. Many people both students and staffs of the institutions find it difficult to go about their business on the campus. Academic and research works that are done in the higher institutions are highly tasking and need to be done by peaceful minds for positive achievements to be made. The researcher therefore decides to address this issue of students’ unrest which does not make for productive work in the institutions. Though many people have talked on this issue of unrest, the situation remained unabated. One can hardly pass any month in the year without hearing of the incident occurring in one institution or the other. The researcher decided to dig-deep into the causes of these students’ unrest with a view to recommending solutions which, if adhered to, will help in curbing students’ unrest in higher institutions in the country 15 SOLUTIONS Based on the researcher’s findings, the researcher makes the following recommendations which she feels if implemented, would help in curbing students’ unrest in institutions of higher learning in Nigeria in particular, so that education will no longer be interrupted and teaching and learning will take place in a conducive atmosphere. They are as follows: 1. Students should be provided with adequate hostel accommodations. This will include beds and beddings as well as toilet facilities. These are very necessary since the students engage in serious academic and research works they need to have adequate rest to help them keep fit. 2. The environment should be kept clean, starting from the hostels down to the lecture rooms, the libraries, laboratories, recreation grounds and most importantly the toilet ends. This is very necessary to avoid epidemics on the campuses. Cleaners should be employed to do these jobs since the students are engaged in their studies most of the times. But they should help at least once in a month in keeping their environment clean. 3. Since most of the hostels are far away from the lecture rooms, the libraries and laboratories and these places most of often are highly separated, transport within the campuses is very necessary. All the school should be provided with some buses or/and taxi cabs to help in conveying the students inside the campuses. The prices should also be controlled to avoid exploitation of the students. . Contractors now provide food for students in the institutions and they are very much after making profits. Their activities should be checked by an honest food committee to make sure that they do not exploit the students and also that the food is prepared in a clean environment. 5. Lecture rooms are very necessary in the institutions. Students deserve to sit comfortably and receive their lectures, but this is not the case in our institutions. Students struggle for even spaces to stand and listen to the lecturers, not to talk of where to sit down. This should not be the case. I recommend that provision of lecture rooms and seats for students should be a number one priority in every institution. Students should be provided with comfortable lecture rooms, where they can sit down, see whatever is written or demonstrated in the lecture room, hear the lecturer as he speaks. 16 6. Library books are highly indispensable especially these days that books are very expensive. Not all parents can afford the money for these books, so if meaningful teaching and learning can take place in the institutions the libraries need to be well equipped. 7. Laboratory equipment is also very essential in the higher institutions since learning there is done through teaching and research. The laboratories should not lack any of the things needed for the researches. 8. Students should be given regular bursary award, since most of them come from poor families. They ought to be helped for their education will be for the benefit of the whole nation. 9. There is an adage which says that ‘health is wealth and a healthy mind dwells in a healthy body’. Since this is the case, we see that providing medical services in our institutions is very necessary. Most of the times, doctors assigned to the medical centers’ in the higher institutions do not turn up. They do private practices to the detriment of their official duties with the result that most of the times doctors are not available at the medical centres. These doctors should be made to do their jobs. Drugs should be provided in the medical centres. It should not be the question of recommending drugs for the students to go and buy for this exposes them to the exploitation of the traders who most of the time sell expired drugs to them thereby putting their lives in danger. 0. It has been made clear that secret societies are not desired in the higher institutions. Most of them cause a lot of havocs in the institutions. These bad ones should be sought out and stamped out. The authorities have already started this but they need to pacify efforts to fish all of them out and bring them to book. Anyone found guilty should leave the campus. 11. The government should avoid being de ceitful and hypocritical in her policies. For instance, the structure adjustment programme issue which is meant for the people to curtail luxury ought to have affected every section of the society, but the high ranking military officers and a few others in the society appeared to be immunized. So the majority of the populace whom the student represents see themselves as being cheated. 12. Finally, students should make conscious efforts not to engage in the destruction of properties whenever they have a cause to demonstrate. History has shown that they always bear the consequences of the destructions directly or indirectly. 7 CONCLUSION It is imperative to recognize those issues that are likely to generate campus unrest, especially in the subsequent decades of the millennium: student campus life issues; poor funding of Nigerian universities by the government; and withdrawal of subsidy from petroleum products. In appreciation of the potential issues that would generate student protests in the near future, student services prof essional would be challenged to evolve strategies that would help to bring the incidents of student unrest in Nigerian universities to the barest minimum. 18 REFERNCES Akinade, E. A. 1993. â€Å"Guidance and Counselling Strategies for Preventing or Controlling Students Activism in Nigerian Tertiary Institutions†. pp 130 138. in O. Animba, D. Denga and P. F. Omoluabi (eds. ), An Appraisal of Student Unrest in Nigeria. Enugu, Nigeria: AB/C Publishers. -Aluede, O. O. 1995. Factors Influencing Student Unrest in Tertiary Institutions in Edo State of Nigeria. Unpublished Ph. D. Thesis, University of Benin, Benin-City, Nigeria. -Aluede, O. O. 1996. â€Å"Counselling intervention strategies in curbing student unrest in Nigerian tertiary institutions†. Journal of Educational and Vocational Studies, 1(4): 24- -Charlotte buhler co. (1958). Childhood Problems USA: Henry holt and co -Dowse and Hughes (1972). Political Sociology New York: John Wiley and sons ltd -Eleanya Leo (1991). Great lessons for the third Republic. Enugu: auto-century Publishing ltd. -Ozigi Albert (1976). A handbook on school Administration and management. London: Macmillan Education ltd DOCUMENTS 1. National Policy on Education, 1981 2. University of Nigeria Report of Inquiry into students’ Disturbance and act of vandalism at Nsuka Campus (24th Feb. 1981 19

Excuse me!

Excuse me! Excuse me! Excuse me! By Maeve Maddox Brad K brings up some interesting questions about three words used in a variety of ways: So, what is the choice, between Excuse me and Pardon me? I am looking for an alternative to a phrase I keep misusing, Im sorry, but . . .. Â  The part that bothers me is that I use this phrase even when I have been offended and am not sorry about interrupting or contradicting . . er .. someone. excuse (verb) early 13c., to clear (someone) from blame, from O.Fr. escuser, from L. excusare release from a charge, from ex- out, away + causa accusation, legal action NOTE: the s in the verb excuse is pronounced with the /z/ sound [Ä ­k-skyÃ… «z]. The s in the noun excuse is pronounced with the /s/ sound [(Ä ­k-skyÃ… «s]. pardon (verb) to refrain from exacting due punishment from someone sorry (adjective) Pained at heart; distressed, sad; full of grief or sorrow. All three terms are used with various meanings in different contexts, but in polite conversation they have the weakened sense of expressing a courteous apology for some minor social offense. Excuse me and pardon me are uttered for offenses that range from jostling someone to belching. They are also used when addressing a stranger, or when one hasnt understood something and wants it repeated. Im sorry can express mere sympathy or apology. Like the other two expressions, it can also be used to introduce a contradiction: Im sorry, but I cant agree that cats dont show affection. Ive recently developed an aversion to the use of Excuse me! spoken belligerently in the sense of How dare you say what you just said? A character in a TV drama I was watching the other night said the expression numerous times in response to remarks that he found insulting. It quickly became tiresome. The Online Etymology Dictionary offers this information about the three words: Excuse me: use as a mild apology or statement of polite disagreement is from c.1600 Pardon: weaker sense of excuse for a minor fault is attested from 1540s. Sorry: Apologetic sense (short for Im sorry) is attested from 1834; phrase sorry about that popularized 1960s by U.S. TV show Get Smart. The overuse of Im sorry as a form of self-effacement is not a good thing. But, like the dear in Dear Sir, these words dont have to signify an emotional or truthful engagement with the person addressed. They are lubrication words like please and thank youpolite words that grease the wheels of social interaction. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Comma After i.e. and e.g.What to Do When Words Appear Twice in a RowWhen to Spell Out Numbers

New ventures and entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

New ventures and entrepreneurship - Essay Example Formulating a vision is, indeed, a business challenge because sometimes entrepreneurs should transform themselves into magicians. Majority of people are receptive to the current entrepreneurial approaches, but it is an entrepreneur’s responsibility to visualise and predict the future. An entrepreneur should always remain a couple of steps ahead of development to avoid becoming irrelevant (Birley & Muzyka, 2000:45). It is also the responsibility of an entrepreneur to fit futuristic plans and ideas into the present, and to create solutions for others’ problems. Most innovative, entrepreneurial ventures in the last four decades were envisioned long before they became realities. For example, for Apple CEO Steve Jobs wanted every to have a PC while Bill Gates wanted to develop user-friendly software for personal computers. These visions allowed Gates to become the richest individual in the world while Jobs became the most recognisable business personality of the 21st century .Sourcing CapitalHaving developed a sound business proposal, the next challenge involves raising capital in order to support the creation of the new venture. Only entrepreneurs have an excellent understanding of business ideas. Attempting to rope investors into ideas that are only good on paper is a very big challenge for all entrepreneurs. Attempting to convince them that they are capable of actualising the idea and being trustworthy is extremely challenging, especially in new ventures (Chandra, 2013:34).

How Do You See Ancient Greece In Today's World Essay

How Do You See Ancient Greece In Today's World - Essay Example We must, then, think of Greece as having influenced the West, and also consider that the West has influenced much of the rest of the world: to withhold talk of gods and goddesses for now, it was the Greeks who created today’s world of reason, logic, and understanding, where cause and effect are supreme, in place of a chaotic, mysterious universe, incomprehensible to humankind. We have, however, in early Greece itself, a division fundamental to Western philosophy. Platonists believe the truth is to be searched for in Plato’s well-known â€Å"world of ideas†; the Aristotelians’ belief is that truth must be deduced, induced, or otherwise gleaned from observation of the outside world. In Platos Theory of Creation, as in Timaeus, God creates from his blueprints, called the Forms, for which Matter is the receptacle. This is similar to the Indian conception of God as the masculine force and the Earth as the feminine—which, indeed, gives us one of several links between the Greek conception of the universe and the Oriental. Now here is the poet Heine: â€Å"Plato and Aristotle! These are not merely two systems, but rather two types of human nature, that stand, since time immemorial, in hostile opposition. Across the entire middle ages, to the greatest degree, and up to the present day, this battle was waged†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Heine) Seen in this light, we in the West are all Aristotelians; our marriage to technology proceeds directly from the view that the external world is to supply us with all our truths. Despite all of Aristotle’s classic mistakes, the man and his views live on: we with our machines are the proof. From Aristotle, we turn to a phenomenon called Hippocrates – the first ever physician to have considered medicine as science rather than sorcery. Hippocrates is rightly called the Father of Medicine, believing, as he did, that

Future of Nuclear Power in Sustainable Development Essay Example for Free

Future of Nuclear Power in Sustainable Development Essay With the population increase and economic growth, energy is becoming an essential part for development. To some extent, in any development process, reliable access to modern energy services is needed. However, the world is facing the energy imbalance: that of energy generation have consequences for the environment so meeting this growth in demand while safeguarding the environment poses a growing challenge. To date, the use of nuclear power has been concentrated in industrialized countries, which might play in filling the growing gap between what the world wants to consume in terms of energy and what the environment tells us we can sustain is considered. 1〠Development of Neural Power In the last few years, the nuclear power is mainly used in the industrialized countries. More and more countries pay their attention to the introduction of nuclear power programs, such as Turkey, Egypt, Jordan, Yemen, etc, not limited to Asia. Also, other countries such as Argentina, Bulgaria, Kazakhstan, and South Africa are working to expand their works. As is shown by statistics, of the worlds 439 currently operating nuclear power reactors, 403 (or 91%) are in either OECD countries or countries with economics in transition [1]. In terms of electrical generating capacity, 349 GWCe) out of 368 GWCe) , or 95% of nuclear generating capacity is installed in these countries. At present, nuclear power is a proven technology which has provided more than 16% of world electricity supply [2]. In the future of nuclear power, many different views are raised on its sustainable development, particularly to innovative reactors and fuel cycles [3]. There are a number of significant environmental benefits arising from the use of nuclear power, but it does raise its own environmental issues. During the operation, some radioactivity is released at a very low level into the environment either via filtered emissions to the atmosphere or in liquid form in the cooling water discharged to sea. Thus, on one hand, nuclear power is a hazardous energy and should be phased out. On the other hand, the nuclear power can be sustainably used. Comparing with the fossil-based energy, nuclear power does not emit CO2 and other hazardous emissions, which the impact of the nuclear power chains on the health and environment is less negative than those for fossil-based energy. Currently, Europe, North America and some countries in Asia have been enjoying the advantages of nuclear power. 2〠Status of Neural Power To date, the use of nuclear power is increasing. In terms of new construction, however , the pattern is different, 16 of the 30 reactors now being built are in developing countries and most of the recent expansion has been centered in Asia China, for example, currently has four reactors under construction, and plans a more than five- fold expansion in its nuclear generating capacity over the next 15 years. India has seven reactors under construction, and plans roughly a seven-fold increase in capacity by 2022. Japan, Pakistan and the Republic of Korea also have plans to expand their nuclear power capacity [4,5]. In the near future, additional countries in the Asia-Pacific region will choose the nuclear power option. Vietnam intends to begin construction of its first nuclear power plant in 2015. Indonesia plans to build two 1000 MW reactors in central Javaa. Recently, the Energy Generating Authority of Thailand announced plans to build two large nuclear plants, with construction to be gin in 2015. In Malaysia, a comprehensive energy policy study – including consideration of nuclear power- is to be completed by 2010 [6]. The resurgence of interest in nuclear power [7-9] is not limited to Asia. Other countries such as Jordan and Turkey are seriously considering or planning for the introduction of nuclear power programs. And many others, such as Aragentina, Bulgaria, Kazakhstan and South Africa, are working to expand existing programs. In the USA, where no new reactors has been ordered in 28 years, these trends, plus excellent performance of the existing nuclear fleet and financial incentives in the Energy Policy Act of 2005, have led to a race to develop new nuclear power plants. Twenty countries now have new plants either under construction or under development with well over half of these new nuclear plants likely to be built over the next two decades in five countries- China, India, South Korea, Japan and USA. Also, in the USA, several dozen reactors are in various stages of proposal development, while international nuclear vendors and service providers are forming new alliances. Finally, rising uranium prices have led to development of new mines. 3〠Rising Interest of Neural Power Any negative impact on the population health and environment is unacceptable. Once it happens, it will be phased out. The negative consequences for nuclear power would be the same. If it is not possible or too expensive to improve sufficiently their safety, we must insist on their closing. The international conventions for nuclear safety were carried out, which legally enhance nuclear safety. Also, the IAEA updated the safety standards for reflecting the best industry practices [10]. Importantly, both the IAEA and the world Association of Nuclear Operators (WANO) , created international networks to conduct peer reviews and exchange operating information to improve safety performance. Another important factor is the strong performance of nuclear power that drives the renewed interest in nuclear power. Up to date, with more than half a century of operating experience, nuclear power is becoming a mature technology. In the past two decades, more and more significant improvements are made in nuclear power plant reliability, as well as lower operating costs and a progressively improved safety record. 4〠Problems of Nuclear Power a) Management of radwaste Annually, the spent nuclear fuel produced is about 10,000 tons, which is small when compared with the nearly 28 billion tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) waste from fossil fuels [11, 12]. In addition, the radwaste is most concerned point in public. Based on the expert experiences, the reasonable geological disposal of high level radioactive waste is safe and feasible. But for public, it is likely remain skeptical, which the nuclear waste disposal will likely remain controversial. The emphasis in the problem of radwastes should be in obtaining the support of people. On one hand, we should provide true information on comparative assessment of different energy sources. We should provide a clear report that there is no risk for the population health and environment from radwaste repositories. On the other hand, as soon as possible the countries with suitable places for repositories should license them and start the disposal process. Moreover, cooperation will be effective to share the burden of the waste disposal cost for countries with small nuclear power programs. b) Technological innovation If we want to develop the new reactor or fuel cycle technologies, technological innovation is needed. Currently, the nuclear Research and Development (RD) projects are focused on enhancing nuclear safety, reducing proliferation risks, minimizing waste generation and improving economic performance [13]. In particularly, many developing countries, such as some countries in Asia, have been devoted to develop small and medium size reactor designs. These designs allow a more incremental investment than is required for a large reactor, and provide a better match to grid capacity in many developing countries. To some extent, these reactors are more adapted in applications [14]. c) Nuclear non- proliferation With the increasing expectations for nuclear power, there are concerns regarding the spread of nuclear weapons and sensitive nuclear technology. However, at the same time, the nuclear proliferation should be prevented. Now, a safeguard system has been established to guarantee the peaceful application of nuclear technology. An integrated system of safeguards can and should permit effective control of non-proliferation by a combination of technical measures and the extension of institutional measures [15]. It would occur in two steps. The first step would create a mechanism for the assurance of supply of nuclear fuel, possibly including fuel bank to be managed by the IAEA. For countries that use nuclear fuel for electricity generation, this mechanism would severe as a supplier of last resort, thereby removing the risk of having their fuel supply interrupted for non- commercial reasons. The second step would seek to bring any new operations for uranium enrichment and plutonium separation under multinational control. These multinational controls should also be extended to facilities that already exist- to ensure that all countries are treated equally in terms of their nuclear capabilities. d) Economic cost Although cost is perhaps not a major factor affecting plans for nuclear power in most areas of the world, in the United States, which has the worlds largest nuclear program and sufficient growth in electricity demand to support substantial growth in generating capacity, the cost of electricity has been the dominant factor in determining what type of capacity gets built [16]. As the United States has moved to reduce the economic regulation of electricity generation, cost has become a competitive focus, and â€Å"capital cost is the single most important factor determining the economic competitiveness of nuclear energy† (University of Chicago, 2004, p. xi). In 2009 the U.S. National Academies published a large study of energy technologies. After reviewing many previous studies, the authors noted that â€Å"cost estimates in the open literature have varied by more than a factor of two. Recent estimates have ranged from $2400/kW to as much as $6000/kW† (Committee on Americas Energy Future, 2009, p. 526). These are cost estimates for the United States. High costs are seen in the much-delayed new Finnish reactor, discussed further below. Until new plants are built in the United States, costs will remain a major uncertainty and an obstacle to growth of the industry. e) Public opinion Dana Mead, chairman of the MIT governing body, commented that â€Å"Nuclear power generates the most varied public opinion of any power generation type. According to MIT studies, 39% of those polled feel it should be reduced, 35% feel in should be increased and 11% dont believe it should be used at all — the highest fraction of people who are opposed to any type of generation† (remarks at the American Nuclear Society Annual Meeting, as quoted in Power Engineering, August 2007). In addition to proliferation and economic cost, the main controversies regarding nuclear power are whether the public will accept new nuclear plants, whether sites can be found where the public will accept a geological repository for their spent fuel, and whether future development should be based on the once-through or the closed fuel cycle [17]. Bringing the public into decision processes early will substantially improve the climate for nuclear power to go forward. (In the United States, the la w requires that the federal agencies make the final decisions.) 5〠Future of Nuclear Power While there are still uncertainties ahead, it seems quite likely at this point that, in the near-term, new nuclear power plants will be built, both in countries that already have substantial nuclear programs and in new countries. Thus, the number of countries with nuclear power plants will increase, and since some of these countries have small grids and limited infrastructures, it is likely that smaller reactors will be used to meet some of these needs [18, 19]. In the near-term, nuclear power growth will likely be met by existing technologies and those technologies for which substantial development has already occurred. Nuclear power development will not be the only source of power to meet growing energy demands and growing concerns about global warming. The near term is also likely to see the development and deployment of more renewable power of current or evolutionary design, and possibly of clean coal technology. Other options, such as increased conservation and the deployment of more energy efficient end-use technologies, will also be exploited. In the longer term, more advanced nuclear power plants, such as the Generation IV power plants, will likely be deployed. These will be able to meet a more diverse range of energy needs than the current generation of large, centralized electricity-generating power plants can meet. Possible applications include process heat for industrial applications, the generation of fuels such as hydrogen for transportation, and a variety of possible off-grid applications [20-23]. Likewise, other energy-generating technologies will continue to develop and will be deployed as appropriate. In the much longer term, these could potentially include fusion power. If that is successful, it could ultimately replace some of the technologies of today, including perhaps nuclear fission power. 6〠Conclusion Nuclear energy alone is not a solution, but it is likely in the near Future to have an increasing role as part of the global energy mix. Through the analysis and investigation, it is clear that nuclear power can bring significant long term benefits in terms of increased access to energy and security of energy supply. Nuclear power at present does possess proven technologies that ensure adequate safety level and safe radwaste disposal. Non-proliferation of nuclear materials is effectively supported by the system of IAEA safeguards. This structure is sound and it provides the basis for the further development of nuclear energy. However, the nuclear industry needs to work on new, innovative technologies in order: on one hand, to reduce the costs and thus answer the strong challenge of competing energy generation technologies, on the other hand, to facilitate the dialogue between the nuclear industry and the public by providing more transparent, convincing solutions and designs A success ful development of innovative nuclear technologies addressing these two key challenges would permit a large-scale development of nuclear energy in the next century. Thus, in the foreseeable future, the need for the development and deployment of more advanced versions of today’s energy production technologies will continue, and all promising technologies should be pursued. It is likely that different technologies could be favored in different circumstances. These circumstances could be based on a variety of factors, including national policy, regulatory and other mechanisms in different countries, and geopolitical situations (remoteness, availability of particular resources, etc.). Globally, it appears that the world is likely to need substantial new contributions from all sources, particularly those capable of supplying significant amounts of clean, low-carbon energy. Nuclear power is one of the most promising of these sources. References [1] International Automatic Energy Agency , Nuclear Technology Review, August 2006, IAEA, Vienna , Austria. [2] Energy, Electricity and Nuclear Power Estimates for the period up to 2020, Reference Data series No. 1, July 2002, IAEA, Vienna , Austria. [3] International Automatic Energy Agency IAEA Bulletin, volume 49/1. September 2007, IAEA, Vienna, Austria. [4] Global Nuclear Energy Partnership, . [5] IAEA, 2008b.Nuclear Power Reactors in theWorld. IAEA Reference Data Series no. 2. Vienna. [6] IAEA, 2009. Energy, Electricity and Nuclear Power Estimates for the Period up to 2030. IEAE Reference Data Series no. 1. Vienna. [7] Jones, J.M., 2010. U.S. support for nuclear power climbs to new high of 62%. Gallup.com, March 30. 2010. [8] Sustainable Development in a Dynamic world, world Development Report- 2005, World Bank. [9] Bharadwaj, A., Krishnan, L.V., Rajgopal, S., 2008. Nuclear Power in India: The Road Ahead. Center for Study of Science. Technology Policy, Bangalore (September). [10] Bilboa y Leon, S., 2009. Development of advanced nuclear reactors worldwide. Nucl.Plant J. September October. 27 (5), 36–42. [11] Rashad S.M. , Hammad , F.H.; Nuclear Power and the Environment ;Compartative Assessment of Environmental and Health Impacts of Eelectricity Generating Systems, Applied Energy 65 (2000) 211-229. [12] Rashad S.M. , Nuclear Power and the Environment Prospects and Challenges, Proceeding of Energy for Sustainable Development and Science for the Future of the Islamic World and Humanity Conference , Organized in Kuching / Sarawak , Malaysia 29 Sept-2 Oct. 2003 Islamic World Academy of Sciences, Amman , Jordan, 2006. [13] Innovative Technologies for Nuclear Fuel Cycles and Nuclear Power , Proceedings of International Conference held in Vienna, 23-26 Hune 2003 organized by IAEA et a1 , Vienna, Austria, 2004. [14] International Project on Innovative Nuclear Reactors and Fuel Cycle, . [15] Nuclear Power and Proliferation Resistance: Securing Benefits, Limiting Risk. American Physical Society, College Park, MD (May). [16] Chicago, University of., 2004. The Economic Future of Nuclear Power: Study Conducted at the University of Chicago. 2004(August). Cirincione, J., 2009. Chain reaction. Foreign Policy (May 7). [17] Nuclear Energy Study Group, American Physical Society Panel on Public Affairs, 2005. [18] MIT, 2003. The Future of Nuclear Energy: An Interdisciplinary MIT Study. . [19] Deutch, J.M., Forsberg, C.W., Kadak, A.C., Kazimi, M.S., Moniz, E.J., Parsons, J.E., 2009.Update of the MIT 2003 Future of Nuclear Power Cambridge, MA. [20] InterAcademy Council, 2007. Lighting the Way Toward a Sustainable Energy Future. Amsterdam. (October). [21] MacFarlane, A., Asselstine, J., Ahearne, J., 2008. The future of nuclear energy: policy recommendations . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (December 11). [22] MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), 2003. The Future of Nuclear Power: An Interdisciplinary MIT Study. Cambridge, MA. [23] Nuclear Energy Agency (France), 2008. Uranium Resources Sufficient to Meet Projected Nuclear Energy Requirements Long into the Future. Paris (June 3).